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(a)  A foreign body corporate may open a liaison office in India:

to represent the parent company/group companies in India;
to promote export/import from/to India;
to promote technical/financial collaborations between parent/group companies and companies in India; or
to act as a communication channel between the parent company and Indian companies.
However, liaison offices are not allowed to carry on any business or earn any income in India and all expenses are to be borne by remittances from abroad. The Reserve Bank of Indian grants permission for the period of three (3) years, which is eligible for renewal for a block of three (3) years.

From the direct taxation perspective, liaison office is a good option as there are no tax implications on a liaison office since there is no business activity undertaken by the liaison office in India.

Reporting requirements: iaison offices are required to file an ‘Annual Activity Certificate’ from the auditors with the Reserve Bank of India. Additionally, a liaison office is also required to file the financial statements with the Registrar of Companies on an annual basis.

Issues: It currently takes 6-8 months to set up a liasion office in India and approximately the same time to close its operations.

(b)  A foreign body corporate may open a branch office for the purpose of engaging in the activities in which its parent company is engaged. Such activities may include:

Export or import of goods or rendering of professional or consultancy services;
To conduct research, in which the parent company is engaged;
Promoting technical and financial collaborations between Indian and parent overseas group company; or
To represent the parent company in India and acting as buying/selling agent in India.
Under this structure, tax liability is relatively high in comparison to the wholly owned subsidiary of foreign companies in India.

Reporting requirements: Branch offices are required to file the Annual Activity Certificate from the auditors with the Reserve Bank of India and the financial statements with the Registrar of Companies on an annual basis.

Issues: It currently takes 6-8 months to set up a branch office in India and approximately the same time to close its operations.

(c)  A foreign company may enter into India by setting up wholly owned subsidiary or joint venture company in collaboration with an Indian business house/company. Under this structure, overseas entities may infuse foreign funds into these companies subject to the restrictions as imposed by the Reserve Bank of India. Tax liability and other company law related filings for wholly owned subsidiaries or joint ventures are at par with other Indian companies. Setting up a wholly owned subsidiary is relatively simpler in comparison to a liaison office or branch office and currently it takes approximately 2 to 4 weeks to incorporate a company depending on the availability of documents."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What are the key laws and regulations that govern company law in your jurisdiction?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "Following are the governing laws for the companies:

The Companies Act, 2013 and Rules made thereunder for unlisted companies such as private companies, foreign companies, public companies, not-for profit companies;
The Securities and Exchange Board of India 1992 and the Securities Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirement) Regulations 2009 for companies listed on a stock exchange in India;
The Foreign Exchange of Management Act, 1999 and Regulations made thereunder in case of a foreign subsidiary;
The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and Regulations made thereunder in case the company is a non-banking financial company.
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 made thereunder for the governance and resolution of insolvent and bankrupt companies, notable for the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP)."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What are the most common types of companies in your jurisdiction?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "Following are the most common types of companies:

a private limited company under the Companies Act, 2013 which can be incorporated with zero capital;
a not-for-profit company (as a private company limited by guarantee or having no share capital) under the Companies Act, This structure is used mostly to promote charitable objects, corporate social responsibility (CSR) related activities, etc; and
a public company under the Companies Act, 2013 which can be incorporated with zero capital."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "How long does it take to set up a company in your jurisdiction? (For example, it could be as fast as X amount of time, average setup time and then as slow as Y amount of time based on your experience – are there any mechanisms to fast track setup?)",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "The time to register a company primarily depends on the type of company the applicant chooses. The time frames to incorporate companies are listed as under:

Private/public limited company: Registration of a private/public limited company generally takes around 2-4 weeks depending on the completion and availability of documents.
Section 8 Company: Registration of a Section 8 company generally takes around 4-6 weeks to complete."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What are the main registration requirements for companies in your jurisdiction? What are the fees?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "(a)  Registration under the Companies Act, 2013 to incorporate a company, requirements of which are as follows;

(i)  Identification of (i) suitable name; (ii) location of the registered office; (iii) directors; and (iv) subscribers to the memorandum of association of the proposed company; and

(ii)  Preparation of documents to be filed with the incorporation forms such as charter documents of the proposed company (i.e. memorandum of association and articles of association), declarations and affidavits in the prescribed form;

Fee schedule is as under:

One Person Company and small company

Other Companies

If nominal share capital is less than or equal to INR 10,00,000 – Nil

If nominal share capital exceeds INR 10,00,000, INR 2000 with the following additional fees:

(i) for every INR 10,000 of nominal share capital or part thereof after the first INR 10,00,000 and upto INR 50,00,000 – INR 200.

If nominal share capital exceeds INR 10,00,000, the fee of Rs 36,000 with the following additional fees:

(i)  for every INR 10,000 of nominal share capital or part thereof after INR 10,00,000 upto Rs. 50,00,000 – INR 300;

(ii)  for every INR 10,000 of nominal share capital or part thereof after INR 50,00,000 upto INR 1 crore – INR 100; and

(iii) for every Rs. 10,000 of nominal share capital or part thereof after INR 1 crore – INR 75.

(b)  Registration under the Income Tax Act, 1961 by procuring Permanent Account Number (at a fee of INR 105/-) and Tax Identification Number (at a fee of INR 65/-);

(c)  Registration under the Goods and Service Tax (mandatory in case business turnover exceeds INR 20,00,000/-). This registration is free of cost;

(d)  Registration under the Shops and Establishment Act of the State from where the company is operating its business and hired employees. The fee charged is provided under the relevant Shops and Establishment Act; and

(e)  Other registrations/licenses which may vary based on the nature of business, activities, location of the office, etc."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What are the main post-registration reporting requirements for companies in your jurisdiction? (For example, annual reporting requirements: what to file, to whom, is a company secretary required?)",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "The post reporting requirements for companies are set out as under:

(a)  Filing of form AOC – 4 (for filing audited accounts) latest by October 30th of the relevant year and form MGT – 7 (Annual Return) latest by November 29th of the relevant year with the Registrar of Companies electronically on an annual basis;

(b)  Filing of Annual Return on foreign liabilities and assets with the Reserve Bank of India by July 15th of every year in case the company has foreign exposure;

(c)  Filing of Income tax return latest by September 30th of the year with the Income tax authorities electronically on an annual basis;

(d)  Filing of GST returns with on monthly or quarterly basis; and

(e)  Filing of form various returns (quarterly/half-yearly/yearly) in case the company is a non-banking financial company such as NBS – 1, NBS – 2, Statutory Auditor’s certificate, etc."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "Are there any controlling factors or restrictions on foreign companies in your jurisdiction?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "Indian subsidiaries (Foreign Companies) are governed by the regulations or provisions of following laws:

(a)  Companies Act 2013 or Companies Act, 1956 (if applicable);

(b)  The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999; and

(c)  Reserve Bank of India

Indian subsidiaries can be incorporated as a company under the Companies Act, 2013, as a Joint Venture or a Wholly Owned Subsidiary or can be set up as a Liaison Office/ Representative Office/Project Office/Branch Office in India, which can undertake activities permitted under the Foreign Exchange Management (Establishment in India of Branch Office or Other Place of Business) Regulations, 2000 and the same will be governed by the provisions of the FEMA, 1999."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What is the typical structure of directors (or family management structure) and liability issues for companies in your jurisdiction?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "The Companies Act 2013 provides for the following categories of the directors:

(a)  Executive director (including managing director or whole time director);

(b)  Non-executive director; and

(c)  Independent

The Companies Act, 2013 also provides the list of officers who may be held liable (with fine or imprisonment or both) in case the company has contravened the provisions of the said Act. Apart from the Companies Act 2013, directors may also be held liable under the other legislations such as  the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016, Securities Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, Foreign Exchange Management  Act, 1999, Income Tax Act, 1961, The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, environmental laws, etc.

Non-executive directors (not being promoter or key managerial personnel) and Independent directors may be held liable only in respect of such acts of omission which had occurred with their knowledge, consent or connivance or where they have not acted diligently. Companies are also liable to pay penalties along with the directors in default."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What is the minimum number of directors and shareholders required to set up a company in your jurisdiction? Are there any requirements that a director must be a natural person?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "(a)  Minimum number of directors required for setting up a:

(i)  Public company- three

(ii)  Private company- two

(iii)  One person company- one

Every company must have at least one director who stays in India for a total period of not less than one hundred and eighty-two days during the financial year.

The following class of companies must also appoint at least one woman director:

(i) every listed company; or

(ii) every other public company having  paid–up share capital of one hundred crore rupees or more; or turnover of three hundred crore rupees or more.

Every listed public company is required to have least one-third of the total number of directors as independent directors and following companies is required to have at least two directors as independent directors:

(i)  the Public Companies having paid up share capital of ten crore rupees or more; or

(ii)  the Public Companies having turnover of one hundred crore rupees or more; or

(iii) the Public Companies which have, in aggregate, outstanding loans, debentures and deposits, exceeding fifty crore rupees

(b)  Minimum number of shareholders required for setting up a:

(i)  Public company- seven

(ii)  Private company- two

(iii)  One person company- one"
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What are the requirements on how shares are offered in your jurisdiction?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "Shares may be offered in the following manner as provided under the Companies Act 2013:

(a)  To the general public by issuing a prospectus in case the company is intending to list its securities on the stock exchange;

(b)  To the selected group of persons by issuing a private placement offer letter (generally opted by private companies to raise further funds); or

(c)  To the existing shareholders by issuing a letter of offer (rights issue)."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What are the key laws and regulations on employment in your jurisdiction that companies should be aware of? Are there any aspects of employment law that are heavily regulated?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "A company is generally required to comply with certain employment laws based on nature of activities, number of employees, type of products, etc. Following are some of the labour laws and regulations in India:

(a)  Industrial Disputes Act, 1947;

(b)  Factories Act, 1948

(c)  Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946;

(d)  Shops and Establishments Act, 1954;

(e)  Trade Unions Act, 1926

(f)  Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013;

(g)  Equal Remuneration Act, 1976;

(h)  Minimum Wages Act, 1948;

(i)  Payment of Bonus Act, 1965;

(j)  Payment of Wages Act, 1936;

(k)  Employee’s Compensation Act, 1923;

(l)  Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952;

(m)  Employees State Insurance Act, 1948;

(n)  Maternity Benefit Act, 1961;

(o)  Payment of Gratuity Act,1972;

(p)  Apprentices Act, 1961;

(q)  Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986;

(r)  Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970;

(s)  Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; and

(t)  Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016;

In India, laws pertaining to social security benefits such as employees provident fund, gratuity, pension fund, employment termination related laws, and change in conditions of service of employees are the most critical aspects and hence highly regulated."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What are the key laws and regulations on employment in your jurisdiction that companies should be aware of? Are there any aspects of employment law that are heavily regulated?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "Corporate governance is the system by which the interests of the stakeholders are protected. Basically, it is conducted for the benefit of the shareholders of the company. It refers to the accountability of the Board of directors towards the stakeholders. In India, the shareholders are considered the true owners of the company while the directors are considered as the trustees of the shareholders. The aim is to align the interests of the management with that of the stakeholders. The corporate governance mechanism in India is enumerated by the following government and regulatory bodies:

(a)  Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA): MCA regulates corporate affairs in India through the Companies Act 2013 and other related Acts, rules etc. MCA formulates and governs various corporate laws in India. Few of the provisions under the Companies Act 2013 which deals with corporate governance are as follows:

(i)  Board of directors are required to lay down the annual financial statements at every annual general meeting of the company and it must give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company. The company is also required to file the annual audited financial statements with the concerned Registrar of Companies. Additionally, the Board’s report shall also to be presented before the shareholders which includes the company’s state of affairs, directors’ responsibility statement, and particulars of loans, details about the policy on corporate social responsibility etc.

(ii)  Independent Directors: Public listed companies and specified unlisted public companies are required to have minimum one-third of the total number of directors as independent directors and they shall have a duty to act in good faith and in the best interests of the shareholders.

(iii)  Audit Committee: Public listed companies and specified unlisted public companies are required to constitute an audit committee which shall review and monitor auditor’s performance, examine the financial statement and the auditor’s report, evaluate internal financial controls etc.

(iv)  Stakeholders’ Relationship Committee: Every company that consists of more than 1,000 shareholders, debenture holders, deposit holders and other security holders shall constitute a stakeholders’ relationship committee. The chairman of the committee shall be a non-executive director. The main function of the committee is to resolve grievances of stakeholders. The grievances of the security holders of the company may include complaints related to transfer of shares, non-receipt of balance sheet, non-receipt of declared dividends, which shall be handled by this committee.

(v)  Internal Audit:Companies such as a listed company, unlisted public company qualifying a cetain criteria and private companies having a turnover of two hundred crores or having outstanding loans or borrowings from banks or public financial institutions exceeding one hundred crore rupees or more at any point of time during the preceding financial year are required to appoint an internal auditor.

(vi)  Related Party Transactions: A commercial transaction with relatives of directors or KMP is considered as Related Party Transaction. Related party transactions are not banned in India and it can be entered by a company however, certain conditions are to be fulfilled before entering into a related party transaction as per Companies Act, 2013.

(vii)  Accounting standards issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI):. Companies Act, 2013 provides that the financial statements prepared by the company shall give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and shall comply with the accounting standards notified under the Companies Act, 2013.

(viii)  Secretarial Standards issued by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI): ICSI has issued Secretarial Standards on “Meetings of the Board of Directors” (SS-1) and Secretarial Standards on “General Meetings” (SS-2). These Secretarial Standards have come into force w.e.f. July 1, 2015. The Companies Act (Section 118), 2013 provides that every company (other than one person company) shall observe Secretarial Standards specified as such by the ICSI with respect to general and board meetings.

(b)  Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI): SEBI is another important body that oversees corporate governance of listed companies. As per the listing agreement entered between a listed company and the concerned stock exchange, disclosures are required to be made with respect to Corporate Governance. The same also enumerates the whistle blower policy wherein the company is required to have mechanism for reporting unethical behavior."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "Does establishing a company in your jurisdiction grant any kind of residency rights? Are there any conditions that in order to receive these residency rights (if applicable) one must partner or establish a joint venture with a local (e.g. a citizen of your jurisdiction)?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "A company incorporated in India by foreign shareholders shall be treated as an Indian company for all purposes including from the perspective of Companies Act or Income Tax Act. Further, a company is a separate legal entity irrespective of the nationalities of its stakeholders. A company holds its properties in its own name and not in its shareholders’ names.

Further, please note that the Foreign Direct Investment (“FDI”) policy of the Government of India provides for various conditions for foreign ownership in Indian companies. 100% foreign direct investment is allowed in most of the sectors under automatic route without requiring any partnership with a local citizen or entity. In a few sectors, there is a cap on foreign ownership. In some cases prior government approval is required for foreign ownership beyond the specified threshold. The foreign companies would need to find local shareholders only in the sectors where 100% FDI is not permitted."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "When is a company subject to tax in your jurisdiction? What are the main taxes that may apply to companies in your jurisdiction?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "A company will be liable for the following taxes:

(a)  Income Tax/Minimum Alternate Tax – This tax shall be payable by the company when the company is having taxable income in a particular financial year. Minimum Alternate Tax is a provision to limit tax exemptions availed by companies, so that they pay at least a minimum amount of corporate tax to the government. MAT is calculated at the book profit as per Section 115JB of Income Tax Act, 1961.

(b)  Capital Gains Tax – The tax levied on any profit or gain that arises from the sale of a capital asset is known as capital gains tax and shall be payable as and when there is capital gain on sale of capital asset."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "How does the Competition law in your jurisdiction regulate companies?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "The Competition Act, 2002 (“Act”) is the legislation that regulates competition law in India. Practices having appreciable adverse effect on competition are strictly prohibited under the aforesaid Act. The main objectives of the Act are to promote competition in the business environment, to protect the interest of consumers and also to ensure freedom of trade carried on in Indian markets. The idea of the aforesaid Act is to discourage anti-competitive practices in India. Anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, and mergers, amalgamations and acquisitions are prohibited if they cause appreciable adverse effect on competition. It eliminates practices having adverse effect on competition and promotes freedom of trade. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has been established to oversee the implementation of the Act. The Act prohibits the following three practices:-

(a)   Anti Competitive Agreements: No enterprise is permitted to enter into any agreement that may have an appreciable adverse effect on the competition in India. Activities that may determine purchase/sale prices of goods, limits/controls production/supply of services, or activities that result in bid rigging are considered to be those that have an appreciable adverse effect on competition. Tie-in agreements, exclusive supply agreements, exclusive distribution agreements, refusal to deal and resale price maintenance agreements are all prohibited under the Act.

Abuse of Dominant Position: Dominant position means a position of strength for an enterprise in the relevant market that allows it to operate independently in the competition market and affects its consumers/market in its own favor, imposition of unfair conditions on the purchase/sale of goods/services or the prices of goods/services. It does not include such conditions which may be necessary to meet the competition like putting limitations on the production/provision of goods/services or some scientific development relating to the goods/services etc.

Mergers, Amalgamations and Acquisitions: A combination that causes appreciable adverse effect on competition is void under the Act. Any enterprise/person entering into such a combination is required to give a notice to the CCI disclosing the details of the combination. If the CCI is of the view that the combination might cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition, it will direct the combination to not take effect. Where the CCI feels that certain modifications in the combination might prevent an appreciable adverse effect on the competition, it shall direct the enterprise/person to make such modifications. The enterprise/person may accept the modification or make amendments which will have to be approved by the CCI.

Further, the CCI has the power to make inquiries in case of certain agreements, abuse of dominant position or any combination being so formed. Additionally, the CCI has the mandate to impose penalties in case of any offence under the Act."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What are the main intellectual property rights companies should be aware of in your jurisdiction?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "Amidst the increasing significance of the Intellectual capital and growth of the legal jurisprudence in the Intellectual Property regime, awareness of the Intellectual property rights which may be available to a company in the Indian jurisdiction is crucial.

Broadly, following kinds of Intellectual Property Rights exist in India:

Trade Marks

A trade mark is a ‘mark’ that may include a device, brand, brand, heading, label, ticket, name, signature, word, letter, numeral, shape of goods, packaging or combinations of colours and is protected under the (Indian) Trademarks Act 1999.

Patents

A Patent is an invention relating to a product or a process that is new, involves an inventive step and is capable of industrial application. The provisions of the (Indian) Patents Act 1970, govern patents.

Copyrights

The Copyright Act 1957, protects artistic work which comprises of a dramatic, literary and musical work, sound recording and/or cinematographic films.

Industrial Designs

Industrial Designs are governed by the Industrial Designs Act 2000, and protect a shape, configuration, surface pattern, colour, or line which improve the visual appearance of the design.

Geographical Indications

A Geographical Indication is an indication in the form of a name of sign used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and reputation and is protected under the Geographical Indications Act 1999.

Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits

The semi-conductor for Integrated Circuits Layout Act 2000, accords protection to the Semiconductor Integrated Circuits which are products having transistors and other circuitry elements formed inseparably on a semiconductor material.

Plant Varieties

The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Rights Act 2001 provides for the development of new plant varieties and protection of farmers and breeders.

Data protection

Data protection refers to the set of privacy laws, policies and procedures that aim to minimise intrusion into one’s privacy and are primarily governed by the Information Technology Act 2000 as of now."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "Does your jurisdiction have laws or regulations that govern data privacy?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "Data privacy refers to the laws and legislations which are aimed at minimizing invasion of one’s privacy caused by storage of data on a digital/electronic platform.Amidst the increasing significance of privacy in today’s world the Cabinet approved the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 which was tabled in the Lok Sabha in December, 2019. The Bill governs the processing of personal data by:

(i) government,

(ii) companies incorporated in India, and

(iii) foreign companies dealing with personal data of individuals in India. Personal data is data which pertains to characteristics, traits or attributes of identity, which can be used to identify an individual.

The Bill categorises certain personal data as sensitive personal data.  This includes financial data, biometric data, caste, religious or political beliefs, or any other category of data specified by the government, in consultation with the Authority and the concerned sectoral regulator. The Bill has been tabled and awaits passage.The Information Technology Act, 2000 (hereinafter referred to as ‘The Act’) focuses on privacy of data in digital format and provides for compensation to the victim in the case of unauthorized access and leakage of sensitive personal information. The Act provides for punishment for damaging the computer system without permission of the owner/person in charge of the computer system, which includes inter alia downloading of information, installing a virus, tampering ofor manipulation of data etc. Further, the Act talks about offences such as tampering with the computer source documents, hacking a computer system, and publishing of obscene information in electronic form. The Act also mentions that network service providers will not be made liable for any contravention made without his knowledge."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "Are there any incentives to attract foreign companies to your jurisdiction?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "There is no specific incentive under Companies Act, 2013 for foreign companies intending to set up business in India. However, under the Foreign Direct Investment regime of India there are various sectors in which the foreign companies cant invest upto 100% without the approval of the government through different investment vehicles."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "What is the law on corporate insolvency?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Code’) is the main legislation on corporate insolvency in India. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India is the regulatory body established under the Code. The object of the Code is to provide a resolution mechanism within the prescribed timeline and maximisation of value of assets for the benefit of stakeholders. As per the Code, the corporate insolvency resolution process (hereinafter referred to as CIRP) can be initiated by a financial creditor (itself or with other financial creditors), an operational creditor or by the corporate debtor itself when a default is committed by a corporate debtor."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "Have there been any recent proposals for reforms or regulatory changes that will impact company law in your jurisdiction?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "There are various amendments to the Companies Act 2013 which the Government has notified. These amendments facilitate workings of the company. Some of the major amendments notified by the Government in 2019 are:

(a)  Decriminilisation of offences: The offences of minor nature and omissions were getting compounded with severe penalties.Through the amendment such minor offences will be treatedas civil in nature and only a penalty will be levied.

(b)  Inspection by ROC: Theamendment empowered the Registrar to carry out physical inspection of the registered office of a company. In case a default is found with regard to the compliance of requirements for a physical registered office as envisaged under section 12(1) of the Companies Act, 2013, it will be a ground for being struck off.

(c)  Limited directoriship: A breach for ceiling for directorship as envissaaged under the Companies Act, 2013 has been made grounds for disqualification.

(d)  CSR Activities: Few amendmentshave been brought to the CSR provisions under the Companies Act, 2013. A company to which CSR provisions are applicable, and if the company was unable to spend the money allocated for CSR in any year, then it has been allowed another 3 years time to spend it towards the areas specified under Companies Act, 2013. Further, the unspent CSR funds are mandatorily required to be transferred to a separate bank account. Any non-compliance of the CSR provisions will attract penal clauses.

(e)  Oppression and Mismangament: An amendment has been made to the provisions on prevention of mismanagement and oppression, where the Government can make an application to NCLT for identification of a KMP of any company, as not fit or proper person and seeking their removal, in case the KMP is not performing his/her ole properly. The ROC will debar those individuals as per Central Government’s direction/ approval.

(f)  Setting up of NFRA: Through the amendment the Government has set up the National Financial Reporting Authority which will be responsible To investigate the matters of professional or other misconduct committed by a prescribed class of chartered accountants. However, the NFRA has the power to investigate a certain prescribed class of companies as mentioned under the Companies Act, 2013."
    }
  },{
    "@type": "Question",
    "name": "Are there any features regarding company law in your jurisdiction or in Asia that you wish to highlight?",
    "acceptedAnswer": {
      "@type": "Answer",
      "text": "The Government of India has been trying constantly to introduce various changes in the corporate laws in India to create business friendly environment in India. Recently, the Government has introduced the Companies Fresh Start Scheme in an attempt to ease matters for the companies who have made a default in the filing of any of the documents, statements, returns, etc including annual statutory documents on MCA-21 Registry. The defaulting companies will be required to pay normal fees under the Companies Act, 2013 and there will be no additional fees payable on the date of filing of belated documents."
    }
  }]
}
</script>

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<p style="text-align:justify">Singhania & Partners are amongst the Best Corporate Lawyers in India. The firm is counted amongst top 40 law firms in India. Our corporate-commercial lawyers’ provides corporate secretarial services and advice to Indian and overseas companies on setting up a business in India. The firm’s corporate secretarial practice advises senior management of companies of all sizes on corporate governance and corporate social responsibility procedures, conduct of annual general meetings, investor protection committee guidelines, besides disclosure, and transparency rules. </p>

<p style="text-align:justify">With our legal expertise, we guarantee our foreign and Indian clients the most flexible, sustainable, and inclusive solutions for investment in Indian Jurisdiction and ensure seamless operation of their respective businesses. </p>

<p style="text-align:justify">We assist clients in areas of foreign direct investments, entry strategy/joint ventures and structuring of the domestic business encompassing regulatory compliances, corporate & real estate due diligence, cross-border transactions, mergers & acquisitions, external commercial borrowings, repatriation, and technology licensing.</p>

<p style="text-align:justify">Our clients are from varied sectors and we have been successful in retaining our clients for over two decades by achieving their trust and confidence through our professionalism. </p>

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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-1">What is the general situation for foreign companies in your jurisdiction? (For example, common presence, difficulty to setup, restrictive system, open and welcoming jurisdiction)</a></div>

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<p>Foreign companies generally enter into in India by way of liaison office, branch office or wholly owned subsidiary or joint venture. Some of the features of each structure are as follows:</p>

<p>(a) A foreign body corporate may open a liaison office in India:</p>

<ul>
	<li>to represent the parent company/group companies in India;</li>
	<li>to promote export/import from/to India;</li>
	<li>to promote technical/financial collaborations between parent/group companies and companies in India; or</li>
	<li>to act as a communication channel between the parent company and Indian companies.</li>
</ul>

<p>However, liaison offices are not allowed to carry on any business or earn any income in India and all expenses are to be borne by remittances from abroad. The Reserve Bank of Indian grants permission for the period of three (3) years, which is eligible for renewal for a block of three (3) years.</p>

<p>From the direct taxation perspective, liaison office is a good option as there are no tax implications on a liaison office since there is no business activity undertaken by the liaison office in India.</p>

<p><strong>Reporting requirements</strong>: iaison offices are required to file an ‘Annual Activity Certificate’ from the auditors with the Reserve Bank of India. Additionally, a liaison office is also required to file the financial statements with the Registrar of Companies on an annual basis.</p>

<p><strong>Issues</strong>: It currently takes 6-8 months to set up a liasion office in India and approximately the same time to close its operations.</p>

<p>(b) A foreign body corporate may open a branch office for the purpose of engaging in the activities in which its parent company is engaged. Such activities may include:</p>

<ul>
	<li>Export or import of goods or rendering of professional or consultancy services;</li>
	<li>To conduct research, in which the parent company is engaged;</li>
	<li>Promoting technical and financial collaborations between Indian and parent overseas group company; or</li>
	<li>To represent the parent company in India and acting as buying/selling agent in India.</li>
</ul>

<p>Under this structure, tax liability is relatively high in comparison to the wholly owned subsidiary of foreign companies in India.</p>

<p><strong>Reporting requirements</strong>: Branch offices are required to file the <a href="https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/6MDE0C03B42BAB8642349746C8108241E2A1.PDF">Annual Activity Certificate</a> from the auditors with the Reserve Bank of India and the financial statements with the Registrar of Companies on an annual basis.</p>

<p><strong>Issues</strong>: It currently takes 6-8 months to set up a branch office in India and approximately the same time to close its operations.</p>

<p>(c) A foreign company may enter into India by setting up wholly owned subsidiary or joint venture company in collaboration with an Indian business house/company. Under this structure, overseas entities may infuse foreign funds into these companies subject to the restrictions as imposed by the Reserve Bank of India. Tax liability and other company law related filings for wholly owned subsidiaries or joint ventures are at par with other Indian companies. Setting up a wholly owned subsidiary is relatively simpler in comparison to a liaison office or branch office and currently it takes approximately 2 to 4 weeks to incorporate a company depending on the availability of documents.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-2">What are the key laws and regulations that govern company law in your jurisdiction?</a></div>

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<p>Following are the governing laws for the companies:</p>

<ul>
	<li>The Companies Act, 2013 and Rules made thereunder for unlisted companies such as private companies, foreign companies, public companies, not-for profit companies;</li>
	<li>The Securities and Exchange Board of India 1992 and the Securities Exchange Board of India (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirement) Regulations 2009 for companies listed on a stock exchange in India;</li>
	<li>The Foreign Exchange of Management Act, 1999 and Regulations made thereunder in case of a foreign subsidiary;</li>
	<li>The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and Regulations made thereunder in case the company is a non-banking financial company.</li>
	<li>The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 made thereunder for the governance and resolution of insolvent and bankrupt companies, notable for the Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP).</li>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-3">What are the most common types of companies in your jurisdiction?</a></div>

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<p>Following are the most common types of companies:</p>

<ul>
	<li>a private limited company under the Companies Act, 2013 which can be incorporated with zero capital;</li>
	<li>a not-for-profit company (as a private company limited by guarantee or having no share capital) under the Companies Act, This structure is used mostly to promote charitable objects, corporate social responsibility (CSR) related activities, etc; and</li>
	<li>a public company under the Companies Act, 2013 which can be incorporated with zero capital.</li>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-4">How long does it take to set up a company in your jurisdiction? (For example, it could be as fast as X amount of time, average setup time and then as slow as Y amount of time based on your experience – are there any mechanisms to fast track setup?) </a></div>

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<p>The time to register a company primarily depends on the type of company the applicant chooses. The time frames to incorporate companies are listed as under:</p>

<ul>
	<li>Private/public limited company: Registration of a private/public limited company generally takes around 2-4 weeks depending on the completion and availability of documents.</li>
	<li>Section 8 Company: Registration of a Section 8 company generally takes around 4-6 weeks to complete.</li>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-5">What are the main registration requirements for companies in your jurisdiction? What are the fees?</a></div>

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<p>(a) Registration under the Companies Act, 2013 to incorporate a company, requirements of which are as follows;</p>

<p>(i) Identification of (i) suitable name; (ii) location of the registered office; (iii) directors; and (iv) subscribers to the memorandum of association of the proposed company; and</p>

<p>(ii) Preparation of documents to be filed with the incorporation forms such as charter documents of the proposed company (i.e. memorandum of association and articles of association), declarations and affidavits in the prescribed form;</p>

<p>Fee schedule is as under:</p>

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			<p><strong>One Person Company and small company </strong></p>
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			<p><strong>Other Companies</strong></p>
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			<p>If nominal share capital is less than or equal to INR 10,00,000 – <strong>Nil</strong></p>
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			<p>If nominal share capital is less than or equal to INR 10,00,000 – <strong>Nil</strong></p>
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			<p>If nominal share capital exceeds INR 10,00,000, INR 2000 with the following additional fees:</p>

<p>(i) for every INR 10,000 of nominal share capital or part thereof after the first INR 10,00,000 and upto INR 50,00,000 – <strong>INR 200</strong>.</p>
			</td>
			<td>
			<p>If nominal share capital exceeds INR 10,00,000, the fee of Rs 36,000 with the following additional fees:</p>

<p>(i) for every INR 10,000 of nominal share capital or part thereof after INR 10,00,000 upto Rs. 50,00,000 – <strong>INR 300;</strong></p>

<p>(ii) for every INR 10,000 of nominal share capital or part thereof after INR 50,00,000 upto INR 1 crore – <strong>INR 100; </strong>and</p>

<p>(iii) for every Rs. 10,000 of nominal share capital or part thereof after INR 1 crore – <strong>INR 75.</strong></p>
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<p>(b) Registration under the Income Tax Act, 1961 by procuring Permanent Account Number (at a fee of INR 105/-) and Tax Identification Number (at a fee of INR 65/-);</p>

<p>(c) Registration under the Goods and Service Tax (mandatory in case business turnover exceeds INR 20,00,000/-). This registration is free of cost;</p>

<p>(d) Registration under the Shops and Establishment Act of the State from where the company is operating its business and hired employees. The fee charged is provided under the relevant Shops and Establishment Act; and</p>

<p>(e) Other registrations/licenses which may vary based on the nature of business, activities, location of the office, etc.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-6">What are the main post-registration reporting requirements for companies in your jurisdiction? (For example, annual reporting requirements: what to file, to whom, is a company secretary required?)</a></div>

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<p>The post reporting requirements for companies are set out as under:</p>

<p>(a) Filing of form AOC – 4 (for filing audited accounts) latest by October 30<sup>th</sup> of the relevant year and form MGT – 7 (Annual Return) latest by November 29<sup>th</sup> of the relevant year with the Registrar of Companies electronically on an annual basis;</p>

<p>(b) Filing of Annual Return on foreign liabilities and assets with the Reserve Bank of India by July 15<sup>th</sup> of every year in case the company has foreign exposure;</p>

<p>(c) Filing of Income tax return latest by September 30<sup>th</sup> of the year with the Income tax authorities electronically on an annual basis;</p>

<p>(d) Filing of GST returns with on monthly or quarterly basis; and</p>

<p>(e) Filing of form various returns (quarterly/half-yearly/yearly) in case the company is a non-banking financial company such as NBS – 1, NBS – 2, Statutory Auditor’s certificate, etc.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-7">Are there any controlling factors or restrictions on foreign companies in your jurisdiction? </a></div>

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<p>Indian subsidiaries (Foreign Companies) are governed by the regulations or provisions of following laws:</p>

<p>(a) Companies Act 2013 or Companies Act, 1956 (if applicable);</p>

<p>(b) The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999; and</p>

<p>(c) Reserve Bank of India</p>

<p>Indian subsidiaries can be incorporated as a company under the Companies Act, 2013, as a Joint Venture or a Wholly Owned Subsidiary or can be set up as a Liaison Office/ Representative Office/Project Office/Branch Office in India, which can undertake activities permitted under the Foreign Exchange Management (Establishment in India of Branch Office or Other Place of Business) Regulations, 2000 and the same will be governed by the provisions of the FEMA, 1999.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-8">What is the typical structure of directors (or family management structure) and liability issues for companies in your jurisdiction?</a></div>

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<p>The Companies Act 2013 provides for the following categories of the directors:</p>

<p>(a) Executive director (including managing director or whole time director);</p>

<p>(b) Non-executive director; and</p>

<p>(c) Independent</p>

<p>The Companies Act, 2013 also provides the list of officers who may be held liable (with fine or imprisonment or both) in case the company has contravened the provisions of the said Act. Apart from the Companies Act 2013, directors may also be held liable under the other legislations such as the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881, Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016, Securities Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999, Income Tax Act, 1961, The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, environmental laws, etc.</p>

<p>Non-executive directors (not being promoter or key managerial personnel) and Independent directors may be held liable only in respect of such acts of omission which had occurred with their knowledge, consent or connivance or where they have not acted diligently. Companies are also liable to pay penalties along with the directors in default.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-9">What is the minimum number of directors and shareholders required to set up a company in your jurisdiction? Are there any requirements that a director must be a natural person?</a></div>

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<p>(a) Minimum number of directors required for setting up a:</p>

<p>(i) Public company- three</p>

<p>(ii) Private company- two</p>

<p>(iii) One person company- one</p>

<p>Every company must have at least one director who stays in India for a total period of not less than one hundred and eighty-two days during the financial year.</p>

<p>The following class of companies must also appoint at least one woman director:</p>

<p>(i) every listed company; or</p>

<p>(ii) every other public company having paid–up share capital of one hundred crore rupees or more; or turnover of three hundred crore rupees or more.</p>

<p>Every listed public company is required to have least one-third of the total number of directors as independent directors and following companies is required to have at least two directors as independent directors:</p>

<p>(i) the Public Companies having paid up share capital of ten crore rupees or more; or</p>

<p>(ii) the Public Companies having turnover of one hundred crore rupees or more; or</p>

<p>(iii) the Public Companies which have, in aggregate, outstanding loans, debentures and deposits, exceeding fifty crore rupees</p>

<p>(b) Minimum number of shareholders required for setting up a:</p>

<p>(i) Public company- seven</p>

<p>(ii) Private company- two</p>

<p>(iii) One person company- one</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-10">What are the requirements on how shares are offered in your jurisdiction?</a></div>

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<p>Shares may be offered in the following manner as provided under the Companies Act 2013:</p>

<p>(a) To the general public by issuing a prospectus in case the company is intending to list its securities on the stock exchange;</p>

<p>(b) To the selected group of persons by issuing a private placement offer letter (generally opted by private companies to raise further funds); or</p>

<p>(c) To the existing shareholders by issuing a letter of offer (rights issue).</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-11">What are the key laws and regulations on employment in your jurisdiction that companies should be aware of? Are there any aspects of employment law that are heavily regulated? </a></div>

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<p>A company is generally required to comply with certain employment laws based on nature of activities, number of employees, type of products, etc. Following are some of the labour laws and regulations in India:</p>

<p>(a) Industrial Disputes Act, 1947;</p>

<p>(b) Factories Act, 1948</p>

<p>(c) Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946;</p>

<p>(d) Shops and Establishments Act, 1954;</p>

<p>(e) Trade Unions Act, 1926</p>

<p>(f) Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013;</p>

<p>(g) Equal Remuneration Act, 1976;</p>

<p>(h) Minimum Wages Act, 1948;</p>

<p>(i) Payment of Bonus Act, 1965;</p>

<p>(j) Payment of Wages Act, 1936;</p>

<p>(k) Employee’s Compensation Act, 1923;</p>

<p>(l) Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952;</p>

<p>(m) Employees State Insurance Act, 1948;</p>

<p>(n) Maternity Benefit Act, 1961;</p>

<p>(o) Payment of Gratuity Act,1972;</p>

<p>(p) Apprentices Act, 1961;</p>

<p>(q) Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986;</p>

<p>(r) Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act, 1970;</p>

<p>(s) Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; and</p>

<p>(t) Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016;</p>

<p>In India, laws pertaining to social security benefits such as employees provident fund, gratuity, pension fund, employment termination related laws, and change in conditions of service of employees are the most critical aspects and hence highly regulated.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-12">What are the key laws and regulations on employment in your jurisdiction that companies should be aware of? Are there any aspects of employment law that are heavily regulated? </a></div>

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<p>Corporate governance is the system by which the interests of the stakeholders are protected. Basically, it is conducted for the benefit of the shareholders of the company. It refers to the accountability of the Board of directors towards the stakeholders. In India, the shareholders are considered the true owners of the company while the directors are considered as the trustees of the shareholders. The aim is to align the interests of the management with that of the stakeholders. The corporate governance mechanism in India is enumerated by the following government and regulatory bodies:</p>

<p><strong>(a) Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA)</strong>: MCA regulates corporate affairs in India through the Companies Act 2013 and other related Acts, rules etc. MCA formulates and governs various corporate laws in India. Few of the provisions under the Companies Act 2013 which deals with corporate governance are as follows:</p>

<p>(i) Board of directors are required to lay down the annual financial statements at every annual general meeting of the company and it must give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company. The company is also required to file the annual audited financial statements with the concerned Registrar of Companies. Additionally, the Board’s report shall also to be presented before the shareholders which includes the company’s state of affairs, directors’ responsibility statement, and particulars of loans, details about the policy on corporate social responsibility etc.</p>

<p>(ii) Independent Directors: Public listed companies and specified unlisted public companies are required to have minimum one-third of the total number of directors as independent directors and they shall have a duty to act in good faith and in the best interests of the shareholders.</p>

<p>(iii) Audit Committee: Public listed companies and specified unlisted public companies are required to constitute an audit committee which shall review and monitor auditor’s performance, examine the financial statement and the auditor’s report, evaluate internal financial controls etc.</p>

<p>(iv) Stakeholders’ Relationship Committee: Every company that consists of more than 1,000 shareholders, debenture holders, deposit holders and other security holders shall constitute a stakeholders’ relationship committee. The chairman of the committee shall be a non-executive director. The main function of the committee is to resolve grievances of stakeholders. The grievances of the security holders of the company may include complaints related to transfer of shares, non-receipt of balance sheet, non-receipt of declared dividends, which shall be handled by this committee.</p>

<p>(v) Internal Audit:Companies such as a listed company, unlisted public company qualifying a cetain criteria and private companies having a turnover of two hundred crores or having outstanding loans or borrowings from banks or public financial institutions exceeding one hundred crore rupees or more at any point of time during the preceding financial year are required to appoint an internal auditor.</p>

<p>(vi) Related Party Transactions: A commercial transaction with relatives of directors or KMP is considered as Related Party Transaction. Related party transactions are not banned in India and it can be entered by a company however, certain conditions are to be fulfilled before entering into a related party transaction as per Companies Act, 2013.</p>

<p><strong>(vii) Accounting standards issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI):</strong>. Companies Act, 2013 provides that the financial statements prepared by the company shall give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and shall comply with the accounting standards notified under the Companies Act, 2013.</p>

<p><strong>(viii) Secretarial Standards issued by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India (ICSI):</strong> ICSI has issued Secretarial Standards on “Meetings of the Board of Directors” (SS-1) and Secretarial Standards on “General Meetings” (SS-2). These Secretarial Standards have come into force w.e.f. July 1, 2015. The Companies Act (Section 118), 2013 provides that <em>every company</em> (other than one person company) shall observe Secretarial Standards specified as such by the ICSI with respect to general and board meetings.</p>

<p><strong>(b) Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)</strong>: SEBI is another important body that oversees corporate governance of listed companies. As per the listing agreement entered between a listed company and the concerned stock exchange, disclosures are required to be made with respect to Corporate Governance. The same also enumerates the whistle blower policy wherein the company is required to have mechanism for reporting unethical behavior.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-13">Does establishing a company in your jurisdiction grant any kind of residency rights? Are there any conditions that in order to receive these residency rights (if applicable) one must partner or establish a joint venture with a local (e.g. a citizen of your jurisdiction)?</a></div>

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<p>A company incorporated in India by foreign shareholders shall be treated as an Indian company for all purposes including from the perspective of Companies Act or Income Tax Act. Further, a company is a separate legal entity irrespective of the nationalities of its stakeholders. A company holds its properties in its own name and not in its shareholders’ names.</p>

<p>Further, please note that the Foreign Direct Investment (“FDI”) policy of the Government of India provides for various conditions for foreign ownership in Indian companies. <a href="https://dipp.gov.in/sites/default/files/Sectors_Under_Automatic_Route_With_Conditions.pdf">100% foreign direct investment</a> is allowed in most of the sectors under automatic route without requiring any partnership with a local citizen or entity. In a few sectors, <a href="https://dipp.gov.in/sites/default/files/Sectors_Where_Government_Approval_Is_Required.pdf">there is a cap on foreign ownership</a>. In some cases prior government approval is required for foreign ownership beyond the specified threshold. The foreign companies would need to find local shareholders only in the sectors where 100% FDI is not permitted.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-14">When is a company subject to tax in your jurisdiction? What are the main taxes that may apply to companies in your jurisdiction?</a></div>

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<p>A company will be liable for the following taxes:</p>

<p>(a) Income Tax/Minimum Alternate Tax – This tax shall be payable by the company when the company is having taxable income in a particular financial year. Minimum Alternate Tax is a provision to limit tax exemptions availed by companies, so that they pay at least a <strong>minimum </strong>amount of corporate tax to the government. MAT is calculated at the book profit as per Section 115JB of Income Tax Act, 1961.</p>

<p>(b) Capital Gains Tax – The tax levied on any profit or gain that arises from the sale of a capital asset is known as capital gains tax and shall be payable as and when there is capital gain on sale of capital asset.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-15">How does the Competition law in your jurisdiction regulate companies?</a></div>

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<p>The Competition Act, 2002 (“Act”) is the legislation that regulates competition law in India. Practices having appreciable adverse effect on competition are strictly prohibited under the aforesaid Act. The main objectives of the Act are to promote competition in the business environment, to protect the interest of consumers and also to ensure freedom of trade carried on in Indian markets. The idea of the aforesaid Act is to discourage anti-competitive practices in India. Anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, and mergers, amalgamations and acquisitions are prohibited if they cause appreciable adverse effect on competition. It eliminates practices having adverse effect on competition and promotes freedom of trade. The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has been established to oversee the implementation of the Act. The Act prohibits the following three practices:-</p>

<p><strong>(a) Anti Competitive Agreements</strong>: No enterprise is permitted to enter into any agreement that may have an appreciable adverse effect on the competition in India. Activities that may determine purchase/sale prices of goods, limits/controls production/supply of services, or activities that result in bid rigging are considered to be those that have an appreciable adverse effect on competition. Tie-in agreements, exclusive supply agreements, exclusive distribution agreements, refusal to deal and resale price maintenance agreements are all prohibited under the Act.</p>

<p><strong>Abuse of Dominant Position</strong>: Dominant position means a position of strength for an enterprise in the relevant market that allows it to operate independently in the competition market and affects its consumers/market in its own favor, imposition of unfair conditions on the purchase/sale of goods/services or the prices of goods/services. It does not include such conditions which may be necessary to meet the competition like putting limitations on the production/provision of goods/services or some scientific development relating to the goods/services etc.</p>

<p><strong>Mergers, Amalgamations and Acquisitions</strong>: A combination that causes appreciable adverse effect on competition is void under the Act. Any enterprise/person entering into such a combination is required to give a notice to the CCI disclosing the details of the combination. If the CCI is of the view that the combination might cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition, it will direct the combination to not take effect. Where the CCI feels that certain modifications in the combination might prevent an appreciable adverse effect on the competition, it shall direct the enterprise/person to make such modifications. The enterprise/person may accept the modification or make amendments which will have to be approved by the CCI.</p>

<p>Further, the CCI has the power to make inquiries in case of certain agreements, abuse of dominant position or any combination being so formed. Additionally, the CCI has the mandate to impose penalties in case of any offence under the Act.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-16">What are the main intellectual property rights companies should be aware of in your jurisdiction?</a></div>

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<p>Amidst the increasing significance of the Intellectual capital and growth of the legal jurisprudence in the Intellectual Property regime, awareness of the Intellectual property rights which may be available to a company in the Indian jurisdiction is crucial.</p>

<p>Broadly, following kinds of Intellectual Property Rights exist in India:</p>

<p><strong>Trade Marks </strong></p>

<p>A trade mark is a ‘mark’ that may include a device, brand, brand, heading, label, ticket, name, signature, word, letter, numeral, shape of goods, packaging or combinations of colours and is protected under the (Indian) Trademarks Act 1999.</p>

<p><strong>Patents </strong></p>

<p>A Patent is an invention relating to a product or a process that is new, involves an inventive step and is capable of industrial application. The provisions of the (Indian) Patents Act 1970, govern patents.</p>

<p><strong>Copyrights </strong></p>

<p>The Copyright Act 1957, protects artistic work which comprises of a dramatic, literary and musical work, sound recording and/or cinematographic films.</p>

<p><strong>Industrial Designs</strong></p>

<p>Industrial Designs are governed by the Industrial Designs Act 2000, and protect a shape, configuration, surface pattern, colour, or line which improve the visual appearance of the design.</p>

<p><strong>Geographical Indications </strong></p>

<p>A Geographical Indication is an indication in the form of a name of sign used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and reputation and is protected under the Geographical Indications Act 1999.</p>

<p><strong>Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits </strong></p>

<p>The semi-conductor for Integrated Circuits Layout Act 2000, accords protection to the Semiconductor Integrated Circuits which are products having transistors and other circuitry elements formed inseparably on a semiconductor material.</p>

<p><strong>Plant Varieties </strong></p>

<p>The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer’s Rights Act 2001 provides for the development of new plant varieties and protection of farmers and breeders.</p>

<p><strong>Data protection </strong></p>

<p>Data protection refers to the set of privacy laws, policies and procedures that aim to minimise intrusion into one’s privacy and are primarily governed by the Information Technology Act 2000 as of now.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-17">Does your jurisdiction have laws or regulations that govern data privacy?</a></div>

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<p>Data privacy refers to the laws and legislations which are aimed at minimizing invasion of one’s privacy caused by storage of data on a digital/electronic platform.Amidst the increasing significance of privacy in today’s world the Cabinet approved the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019 which was tabled in the Lok Sabha in December, 2019. The Bill governs the processing of personal data by:</p>

<p>(i) government,</p>

<p>(ii) companies incorporated in India, and</p>

<p>(iii) foreign companies dealing with personal data of individuals in India. Personal data is data which pertains to characteristics, traits or attributes of identity, which can be used to identify an individual.</p>

<p>The Bill categorises certain personal data as sensitive personal data. This includes financial data, biometric data, caste, religious or political beliefs, or any other category of data specified by the government, in consultation with the Authority and the concerned sectoral regulator. The Bill has been tabled and awaits passage.The Information Technology Act, 2000 (hereinafter referred to as ‘The Act’) focuses on privacy of data in digital format and provides for compensation to the victim in the case of unauthorized access and leakage of sensitive personal information. The Act provides for punishment for damaging the computer system without permission of the owner/person in charge of the computer system, which includes <em>inter alia </em>downloading of information, installing a virus, tampering ofor manipulation of data etc. Further, the Act talks about offences such as tampering with the computer source documents, hacking a computer system, and publishing of obscene information in electronic form. The Act also mentions that network service providers will not be made liable for any contravention made without his knowledge.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-18">Are there any incentives to attract foreign companies to your jurisdiction?</a></div>

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<p>There is no specific incentive under Companies Act, 2013 for foreign companies intending to set up business in India. However, under the Foreign Direct Investment regime of India there are various sectors in which the foreign companies cant invest upto 100% without the approval of the government through different investment vehicles.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-19">What is the law on corporate insolvency?</a></div>

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<p>The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 (hereinafter referred to as ‘Code’) is the main legislation on corporate insolvency in India. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India is the regulatory body established under the Code. The object of the Code is to provide a resolution mechanism within the prescribed timeline and maximisation of value of assets for the benefit of stakeholders. As per the Code, the corporate insolvency resolution process (hereinafter referred to as CIRP) can be initiated by a financial creditor (itself or with other financial creditors), an operational creditor or by the corporate debtor itself when a default is committed by a corporate debtor.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-20">Have there been any recent proposals for reforms or regulatory changes that will impact company law in your jurisdiction?</a></div>

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<p>There are various amendments to the Companies Act 2013 which the Government has notified. These amendments facilitate workings of the company. Some of the major amendments notified by the Government in 2019 are:</p>

<p>(a) Decriminilisation of offences: The offences of minor nature and omissions were getting compounded with severe penalties.Through the amendment such minor offences will be treatedas civil in nature and only a penalty will be levied.</p>

<p>(b) Inspection by ROC: Theamendment empowered the Registrar to carry out physical inspection of the registered office of a company. In case a default is found with regard to the compliance of requirements for a physical registered office as envisaged under section 12(1) of the Companies Act, 2013, it will be a ground for being struck off.</p>

<p>(c) Limited directoriship: A breach for ceiling for directorship as envissaaged under the Companies Act, 2013 has been made grounds for disqualification.</p>

<p>(d) CSR Activities: Few amendmentshave been brought to the CSR provisions under the Companies Act, 2013. A company to which CSR provisions are applicable, and if the company was unable to spend the money allocated for CSR in any year, then it has been allowed another 3 years time to spend it towards the areas specified under Companies Act, 2013. Further, the unspent CSR funds are mandatorily required to be transferred to a separate bank account. Any non-compliance of the CSR provisions will attract penal clauses.</p>

<p>(e) Oppression and Mismangament: An amendment has been made to the provisions on prevention of mismanagement and oppression, where the Government can make an application to NCLT for identification of a KMP of any company, as not fit or proper person and seeking their removal, in case the KMP is not performing his/her ole properly. The ROC will debar those individuals as per Central Government’s direction/ approval.</p>

<p>(f) Setting up of NFRA: Through the amendment the Government has set up the National Financial Reporting Authority which will be responsible To investigate the matters of professional or other misconduct committed by a prescribed class of chartered accountants. However, the NFRA has the power to investigate a certain prescribed class of companies as mentioned under the Companies Act, 2013.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-21">Are there any features regarding company law in your jurisdiction or in Asia that you wish to highlight?</a></div>

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<p>The Government of India has been trying constantly to introduce various changes in the corporate laws in India to create business friendly environment in India. Recently, the Government has introduced the Companies Fresh Start Scheme in an attempt to ease matters for the companies who have made a default in the filing of any of the documents, statements, returns, etc including annual statutory documents on MCA-21 Registry. The defaulting companies will be required to pay normal fees under the Companies Act, 2013 and there will be no additional fees payable on the date of filing of belated documents.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-22">CSR policy under the Companies Act, 2013</a></div>

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<p>A CSR policy shall be formulated by the company which shall include the activities to be undertaken and it is a responsibility of the Board to ensure that activities included by a company in its CSR policy are related to the activities included in Schedule VII of the Act.</p>

<p>CSR committee shall also recommend the amount of expenditure to be incurred on the activities referred as mentioned in the policy.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-23">Components of the CSR Policy</a></div>

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<p>The CSR policy of the company shall, <em>inter alia</em>, include the following namely:</p>

<p>(a) a list of CSR projects or programs which a company plans to undertake in areas or subject falling within the purview of the Schedule VII of the Act, specifying modalities of execution of such project or programs and implementation schedules for the same; and</p>

<p>(b) monitoring process of such projects or programs.</p>

<p>Activities which may be included by companies in their CSR policy are as under:</p>

<p>(i) Activities relating to eradicating extreme hunger, poverty and malnutrition, promoting health care including preventive health care and sanitation (including contribution to the Swach Bharat Kosh set-up by the Central Government for the promotion of sanitation) and making available safe drinking water;</p>

<p>(ii) promoting education, including special education and employment enhancing vocation skills especially among children, women, elderly, and the differently-abled and livelihood enhancement projects;</p>

<p>(iii) promoting gender equality, empowering women, setting up homes and hostels for women and orphans; setting up old age homes, day care centres and such other facilities for senior citizens and measures for reducing inequalities faced by socially and economically backward groups;</p>

<p>(iv) ensuring environmental sustainability, ecological balance, protection of flora and fauna, animal welfare, agro-forestry, conservation of natural resources and maintaining quality of soil, air and water (including contribution to the Clean Ganga Fund set-up by the Central Government for rejuvenation of river Ganga);</p>

<p>(v) protection of national heritage, art and culture including restoration of buildings and sites of historical importance and works of art; setting up public libraries; promotion and development of traditional and handicrafts:</p>

<p>(vi) measures for the benefit of armed forces veterans, war widows and their dependents, Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) and Central Para Military Forces (CPMF) veterans, and their dependents including widows;</p>

<p>(vii) training to promote rural sports, nationally recognized sports, paralympic sports and Olympic sports;</p>

<p>(viii) contribution to the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund or Prime Minister’s Citizen Assistance and Relief in Emergency Situations Fund (PM CARES Fund) or any other fund set up by the Central Government for socio-economic development and relief and welfare of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, other backward classes, minorities and women;</p>

<p>(ix) Contribution to incubators or research and development projects in the field of science, technology, engineering and medicine, funded by the Central Government or State Government or Public Sector Undertaking or any agency of the Central Government or State Government;</p>

<p>(x) Contributions to public funded Universities; Indian Institute of Technology (IITs); National Laboratories and autonomous bodies established under Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); Department of Biotechnology (DBT); Department of Science and Technology (DST); Department of Pharmaceuticals; Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH); Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology and other bodies, namely Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO); Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR); Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), engaged in conducting research in science, technology, engineering and medicine aimed at promoting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).</p>

<p>(xi) rural development projects;</p>

<p>(xii) slum area development; and</p>

<p>(xiii) disaster management, including relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities including contribution to PM Cares Fund for COVID-19.</p>

<p>In addition to the above, any company engaged in research and development activity of new vaccine, drugs and medical devices in their normal course of business may undertake research and development activity of new vaccine, drugs and medical devices related to COVID-19 for financial years 2020-21, 2021-22 and 2022-23 subject to the conditions that-</p>

<p>(i) such research and development activities shall be carried out in collaboration with any of the institutes or organisations mentioned in item (ix) of Schedule VII to the Act.</p>

<p>(ii) details of such activity shall be disclosed separately in the Annual Report on CSR included in the Board’s Report.</p>

<p>The activities in Schedule VII of the Act are to be interpreted liberally so as to capture the essence of the subjects enumerated in the aforesaid schedule. It is for the Board of the company to determine what is included within the same.</p>
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<div class="panel-heading"><a class="collapsed" href="#collapse-24">Activities/Expenditure not to be included in CSR.</a></div>

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<p>The following shall not be treated as CSR activities/expenditure:</p>

<ol>
	<li>The CSR projects or programs or activities under taken outside India.</li>
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<ol start="2">
	<li>The CSR projects or program or activities that benefit only the employees of the company and their families.</li>
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<ol start="3">
	<li>Contribution of any amount directly or indirectly to any political party under section 182 of the Act.</li>
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<ol start="4">
	<li>One off events such as marathons/awards/charitable contribution/ advertisement/ sponsorship of TV programmes, etc.</li>
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	<li>Expenses incurred by companies for the fulfilment of any Act such as labour laws, land acquisition act, etc.</li>
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	<li>Any other expenditure on projects or programs or activities which are not in conformity or not in line with activities laid down in Schedule VII of the Act.</li>
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	<li>Contribution made to Chief Minister’s Relief Fund or State Relief Fund for COVID-19.</li>
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<p>It is important to note that any surplus arises out of the CSR projects or programs or activities would not form part of the business profit of the company. â€‹</p>
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